Periodontal Instrumentation | Mary Rose Pincelli Boglione, Italy

 In the past decade there have been significant advancements in perio-dontal instrumentations such as :
-  Miniaturization of manual and powered instrument tips
-  Use of both magnetostrictive and piezoelectric ultrasonic in-struments
-  Anesthesia and local anesthetic gels
-  Magnification
-  Instrument metals that require less or no sharpening
-  Lasers

The hands-on course will focus on the use of the miniaturized gracey curette which allows better access to furcation and narrow pockets. When should an extra oral or alternative fulcrum be used and how can we generate more force with the hand instrument. In addition, is the periodontal probe or an explorer more efficient in defining the root sur-face for remaining sub gingival calculus?